Which production method is used industrially to obtain promethium for applications?

Extraction from seawater using ion-exchange

Separation from natural monazite sands

Electrolytic refining of rare-earth ores

Isolation from fission products or neutron-irradiated uranium in reactors

Promethium was first isolated and identified in 1945 by scientists at which laboratory?

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Radioactive with no stable isotopes

Found in metallic form in nature

Structural alloying agent for aircraft frames

Beta radiation sources for thickness gauges and betavoltaic batteries

Fuel for conventional combustion engines

Primary component in ordinary fluorescent lamps

Only in trace amounts from spontaneous fission of uranium and neutron-induced reactions

As a major component of rare-earth minerals

As a common isotope in seawater

As a stable element in meteorites

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01Which production method is used industrially to obtain promethium for applications?
02What is the atomic number of promethium?
03Which of the following promethium isotopes is most commonly used in practical applications (e.g., betavoltaic devices and luminous paint prototypes)?
04Promethium was first isolated and identified in 1945 by scientists at which laboratory?
05Promethium is unique among the lanthanides because it is the only one that is:
06Approximately what is the half-life of the commonly used isotope Pm-147?
07Which of these is a documented practical application of promethium?
08How does promethium primarily occur in nature?